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Reason v Religion

Why we are not more rational? Why have we evolved to be swamped with unreasonable believers in various religions, yet reason has given us all the benefits we now enjoy. Mark Ridley, a science writer and teacher at Emory University, Atlanta, attempts an answer in the New Scientist through a thought experiment. Imagine our ancestors say a million years ago. Some of them are rational and some religious. One would expect natural selection to favour the rational ones because reason would have given them the advantage. The practical efficiency of science should have been decisive and there should be more rational people and fewer religious ones in the next generation. This argument must be wrong, because the religious ones multiplied, not the reasonable ones.

In a Darwinian struggle for existence, religious enthusiasm must have been advantageous over rationality in fact. Why? Because religious believers can be fanatical! Natural selection favours people who puff themselves with self-importance because they think a god favours them. An important property of a religion is that gods are interested in us. Epicurus thought any gods that existed could not possibly be interested in us, but religious people convince themselves they are. We can see why. It is essential for fanaticism.

Believers think gods are especially interested in them, and will supernaturally protect and reward them for their faith, so, they will take unreasonable risks to preserve their “tradition”, and be irrationally vengeful and gratuitously cruel in exterminating enemies at their god’s command. Evidence is in the Old Testament—the activity of the bloodthirsty “Lord God”, the first mass murderer in history and subject to fits of genocidal bad temper. Religious fanaticism thus kills off reason.

It shows that the last few hundred years have been an unusual blip in the normal course of human history. Such blips happen from time to time, but the norm is religious fanaticism, causing blight like the dark ages, religious wars, inquisitions and witch hunts. We live in untypical times, but times that ought to be more typical. Can we stop religious fanticism from asserting itself again?


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